Drug Action 2 Exam 1 Practice

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• What is a receptor?
• What are the first indicators of hypersensitivity?
• Which statement about potency and ED50 is correct?
• Binding affinity is defined as what?
• How can diseases influence adverse drug reactions?
• Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome can occur how long after medicine exposure?
• What is the purpose of screening compounds in disease-relevant assays during hit identification?
• What does pharmacodynamics describe?
• Pharmacogenomics is the combination of
• Which of the following are examples of metabotropic receptors?
• How are most drug side effects produced?
• Which term describes a set of structural features in a molecule that is recognized at a receptor site and is responsible for that molecule's pharmacological or biological activity?
• What is important to remember about drugs and chemicals?
• Which statement correctly describes Type A ADRs?
• What are some examples of things the body has receptors for?
• Kd?','choices':['Drug association','Drug dissociation constant','Rate constant for receptor internalization','Drug dissociation'],
• Which method uses a relatively small number of precursor molecules to generate many compounds?
• Which statement accurately describes graded versus quantal dose–response relationships?
• In target-centered design, why might assays be easier to devise?
• Which statement is an advantage of compound-centered drug design?
• Which factor contributes to gaps in current drug therapy dosage guidelines?
• Hyporeactivity is
• Renal function decreases at age 50 by what percent?
• What is the regulatory cycle of GPCRs?
• Which factor is NOT typically considered a source of individual variability in drug response?
• Which factor describes the number and function of receptor sites?
• Heterologous desensitization
• Hypersensitivity is
• Which statement about TD50 is true?
• Prevalence of slow acetylator phenotype in Ethiopian population?
• Which statement about Type E ADRs is true?
• A patient experiences a common adverse effect that is dose-related and predictable. This is best described as a Type A adverse drug reaction.
• Which component is described as the site where the drug binds to initiate the chain of events?
• Which two pharmacological properties depend on a drug's chemical structure?
• Which term best describes a compound that can activate a receptor but is unable to elicit a maximal response?
• ED50 or EC50 is best defined as the dose or concentration required to produce 50% of the maximum response.
• Which statement describes how binding affinity relates to receptor occupancy?
• Which term describes a drug that opposes another in producing opposite effects to cancel out the effect of another drug?
• Which term describes a drug that binds to receptors and mimics endogenous compounds?
• Pharmacogenomics involves which type of analysis?
• Which statement best describes Type B ADRs?
• Which of the following is an example of a pharmacokinetic related ADR?
• In pharmacology, what is the term for a drug that opposes another drug by producing opposite physiological effects?
• Graded dose responses are best described as:
• In compound-centered design, which statement about isolation is accurate?
• SAR stands for which of the following?
• Which statement best describes Type D ADRs?
• Type E ADRs are withdrawal reactions that occur at what point?
• Deficiency associated with prolonged apnea after succinylcholine?
• Intrinsic activity is best described as
• How are adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported?
• Which term describes a compound that stabilizes an inactive receptor state, reducing constitutive activity?
• What is an example of a Type A ADR?
• Which statement best illustrates a drug-herb interaction ADR?
• Most Type B ADRs occur within what timeframe after starting therapy (excluding immediate hypersensitivity)?
• Which statement best describes the receptors in the body?
• What is pharmacovigilance?
• What are two general classifications of drugs?
• What are the functions of a receptor?
• Which factor can lead to gaps in current drug therapy outcomes?
• Which term describes a compound that binds to the same site as the agonist, inhibiting binding and effect (steric mechanism)?
• Which method allows design of a molecule to fit into the target's active site?
• Which of the following is an example of a metabotropic receptor pathway?
• Which of the following is an example of a Type C ADR?
• In drug discovery, what is a hit?
• Which organization is known for collecting voluntary reports on medication safety and preventing adverse drug events?
• Plotting ED50 and LD50 shows what concept?
• Which of the following are examples of resources used to report ADRs?
• In what direction does the activation of a receptor propagate its signal?
• Is desensitization reversible?
• Which of the following is a pharmacokinetic mechanism affecting absorption?
• Which statement best describes intra-individual variability in drug response?
• Which type of drug blocks receptor activity with little intrinsic activity?
• Which term describes a compound that, upon receptor binding, stabilizes a receptor that is already producing a signal and reduces its activity?
• What percentage range describes drugs metabolized by CYP2D6?
• Intrinsic activity is defined as what?
• What is structure-based drug design?
• Which statement about FDA approval for non-prescription herbs, minerals, vitamins, dietary supplements and other substances is correct?
• GPCR signaling truth
• Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions can be desirable.
• What is the goal of pharmacogenetics?
• Which term describes a compound that binds to a site different from the agonist, but inhibits receptor function (allosteric mechanism)?
• What is tachyphylaxis?
• Lead optimization typically focuses on improving which properties?
• What are the different mechanisms of ADRs?
• What is a Type F ADR?
• Which of the following best exemplifies a genetic factor contributing to pharmacokinetic variability?
• Which enzyme's activity includes normal, poor, and ultra-rapid metabolizer phenotypes?
• Which represents a major practical limitation of pharmacotherapy?
• A drug's action is affected by what factors?
• Which is a common contributing factor to Type F ADRs?
• What is a Type E ADR?
• Genetic factors and racial differences are related to biological variability.
• Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DHS) or Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) is defined as
• What determines the concentration of drug required to form a significant number of drug-receptor complexes or magnitude of the response?
• What is the speed of response for metabotropic receptors?
• What is the professional mandate of safety pharmacology?
• Which statement best describes the difference between a hit and a lead?
• Which terms describe the two types of individual variability in drug response?
• To block receptors, what must a drug possess?
• Which term describes a compound that will activate a specific subset of a receptor's signaling cascade, not more than that?
• The interaction of a drug with a receptor initiates a chain of events leading to what?
• Which statement about ion channels as receptors is accurate?
• What are the characteristics of a Type F ADR?
• What is the speed of response for voltage-gated ion channels?
• Which term describes an immune-mediated adverse reaction after prior sensitization?
• Approximately how many new drugs or biologics has the FDA approved over the last decade?
• Which of the following is an example of a non-immune mediated ADR mechanism?
• What should always be considered as a possible cause of disease or symptoms among a patient's list of complaints?
• What does pharmacokinetic variability refer to?
• What is a Type D ADR?
• How can drug plasma protein binding be categorized?
• LD50 stands for which of the following?
• What is an idiosyncratic drug response?
• What could you compare a receptor to?
• A Type A adverse drug reaction is characterized by
• Which statement distinguishes endogenous ligands from exogenous ligands?
• Which of the following is an example of an ionotropic receptor?
• Which is a disadvantage of compound-centered drug design?
• Which statement best describes analogues of natural ligands in drug design?
• DHS/DRESS is best described as which of the following?
• Which statement about ED50 is true?
• What is important to remember about G-Protein coupled receptors?
• Deficiency of TPMT attributed to what genetic mechanism?
• LD50 represents which outcome in toxicology?
• What is a notable feature of GPCRs?
• GPCR transmembrane feature
• Hyperreactivity is
• Quantal dose responses refer to which type of pharmacologic effect?
• What is a drug-drug interaction?
• Which statement best distinguishes desensitization from tolerance?
• Inter-individual variability in drug response refers to differences in drug response between which groups?
• Which statement is true about endogenous ligands?
• Which statement best contrasts PK vs PD variability?
• An adverse drug reaction is
• From about 10,000 promising compounds, how many typically reach clinical trials and how many are eventually approved?
• Which of the following is an example of a pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction?
• What is target-centered drug design?
• What does a dose-response curve represent?
• Type A adverse drug reactions are usually dose-dependent and predictable.
• What is a drug?
• Which statement best describes Type B ADRs?
• Carcinogenesis is defined as which of the following?
• Which of the following is a Type C ADR characterization?
• On a dose–response curve, efficacy is indicated by which feature?
• What characterizes an irreversible receptor-drug interaction?
• What is the reported range of variability in response rate for diseases such as Alzheimer's, depression, RA, hypertension, and osteoporosis?
• Which term describes a method that starts from a receptor's natural ligand and modifies it to create analogues?
• What is the goal of post-marketing surveillance (PMS)?
• Examples of environmental factors as a source of variability in drug response?
• Which factor relates to receptor interaction differences among patients?
• What is drug tolerance?
• What does structure-activity relationship (SAR) describe?
• What does it mean for a receptor-drug interaction to be reversible?
• Which of the following is an example of an effector in GPCR signaling?
• How can pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions arise?
• Which of the following is NOT a major receptor family described?
• What is an example of a Type F ADR?
• What does pharmacodynamic variability refer to?
• Which of the following factors can differ between patients and influence drug responsiveness?
• What is safety pharmacology?
• ED50 stands for which of the following?
• Which term describes a compound able to elicit a maximal response from receptors?
• Which statement correctly matches the speed of response for ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
• Which statement about dose–response curves is true?
• What is an off-target adverse effect?
• Deficiency in TPMT causes life-threatening myelosuppression after thiopurines?
• What is an on target adverse effect?
• Which statement best describes how plasma protein binding can lead to a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction?
• Intrinsic activity is defined as what?
• The fixed-dose combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine has a race-specific indication for congestive heart failure in which group?
• Which statement correctly describes the mechanisms of ADRs?
• Which statement correctly pairs an ADR type with its example?
• Which is an example of a Type B ADR?
• What is desensitization in pharmacology?
• Which term describes a compound that binds to the same site as an agonist, inhibiting its binding and effect (steric mechanism)?
• Which forces determine the binding of a drug to a receptor?
• What term describes the process by which pharmaceutical and academic laboratories identify or screen compounds to find potentially therapeutic agents?
• What are the 4 ways that receptors were identified?
• What are some examples of effectors in GPCR signaling?
• Which medication used to treat TB increases risk in slow acetylators?
• An example of biological variability in racial differences involves differences in ethanol metabolism most notably in which population?
• Which of the following terms describes the lethal-dose metric used in preclinical testing?
• The fixed-dose combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine is specifically indicated for which patient group with congestive heart failure?
• Intra-individual variability refers to variability in drug response within what context?
• Which description best defines a target-centered approach in drug discovery?
• Which factor is a source of variation in drug responsiveness between patients?
• TD50 represents which of the following?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a method for receptor identification?
• What determines the site of a drug's action?
• Which statement best describes inter-individual variability in drug response?
• Which statements characterize Type A ADRs?
• Pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions occur when one drug changes the response of target or non-target tissues to another drug. Which option best describes this type of interaction?
• Which method uses a target-based assay and robotic automation to test thousands of compounds in a few days?
• What are some examples of Type D ADRs?
• Which of the following are sources of individual variability in drug response?
• Pharmacogenetics is defined as?
• Receptors are best described as what type of molecules?
• Which statement describes high-throughput screening?
• In pharmacology, a drug's interaction with its receptor is often likened to which analogy?
• Which statement about receptor binding is true?
• Which statement best describes a pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction?
• If two patients achieve different blood levels after the same dose, this illustrates which type of variability?
• Renal function decreases at age 75 by what percent?
• What is an advantage of target-centered drug design?
• Which activity best describes pharmacovigilance after a drug is marketed?
• LD50 is used to describe mortality in which population?
• Which scenario exemplifies age-related pharmacokinetic ADRs?
• An on-target adverse effect is defined as:
• Which factor primarily determines whether a drug binds to a given receptor among multiple sites?
• Which pharmacokinetic parameter can differ between individuals affecting drug exposure?
• What are the two basic strategies used to identify hits in drug discovery?
• What best defines a drug's selectivity?
• Which of the following is a Type C ADR characteristic?
• Which term describes a compound that covalently binds with the receptor, permanently blocking it from producing a signal?
• Which term describes a set of structural features recognized by a receptor that determines pharmacological activity?
• What does it mean for a receptor-drug interaction to be irreversible?
• Ka?','choices':['Drug dissociation constant','Equilibrium constant for receptor expression','Drug association','Rate constant for receptor internalization'],
• Teratogenesis is defined as what?
• Which is an example of a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction?
• In compound-centered drug design, which statement is true?
• Which two properties must a drug possess to activate receptors?
• Which of the following is listed as a source of variability alongside genetics, environment, disease, and drug interactions?
• In order for drugs to activate receptors, what must they have?
• Which statement accurately describes the speed comparison between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
• Which term describes a drug that binds to receptors and mimics the effects of endogenous compounds?
• Which of the following is an example of a voltage-gated ion channel?
• Which of the following statements is true about Type B ADRs?
• Metabotropic receptors are associated with what signaling proteins?
• In newborns, renal glomerular filtration is what percent of an adult's?
• Which statement about ionotropic receptors is true?
• TD50 stands for which of the following?
• Which populations does safety pharmacology seek to predict safety for?
• On a dose–response curve, potency is indicated by how close ED50 or EC50 is to which axis?
• Which of the following is an example of a pharmacodynamic related ADR?
• What is a lead in drug discovery?
• Structure-based drug design is also known as what?
• Which term best describes a set of structural features recognized by a receptor site that contributes to a drug's pharmacological activity?
• What is an example of a Type E ADR?
• Examples of genetic factors as a source of variability in drug response?
• What is an example of a Type C ADR?
• Which term describes a molecule that activates receptors to produce a response?
• Which term describes a compound that activates only a subset of a receptor's signaling pathways?
• What are the characteristics of a Type E ADR?
• Which factor pertains to the integrity of biochemical and physiological processes?
• What is the drug discovery process?
• What forms the most important class of receptors?
• Adverse effects can be beneficial.
• Which statement describes a pharmacokinetic interaction affecting gastric emptying?
• Homologous desensitization
• What defines a Type C ADR?
• Which approach uses a validated target to search for hits and leverages known biology?
• G-protein subunits
• Receptor polymorphisms lead to which type of variability in drug response?
• Compound-centered drugs are often isolated from what sources?